Abstract: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) is among the most popular anabolic agents and substantially increase bone volume related to enhanced osteoblast differentiation. Here we demonstrate a remarkable deterioration in the nanomechanical properties of mineralized tissue induced from osteoblasts solely by the function of BMP2. Mineralized… Abstract: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) is among the most popular anabolic agents and substantially increase bone volume related to enhanced osteoblast differentiation. Here we demonstrate a remarkable deterioration in the nanomechanical properties of mineralized tissue induced from osteoblasts solely by the function of BMP2. Mineralized tissue of primary osteoblasts cultured with BMP2 shows molecular features of both bone and cartilage, but depletion of lysyl oxidase family members leads to poor nanomechanical properties of the mineralized tissue. Lysyl oxidase like-2 supplementation reinforces the inferior mineralized tissue induced from osteoblasts by BMP2 through intermolecular crosslinking of type II or type X collagen-rich extracellular matrix. This may also mimic a consolidation of bone fracture gaps, despite the fact that the distribution of the bone properties in such microenvironments has been poorly elucidated. These findings confirm the importance of testing newly induced bone down to the microscale and nanoscale in bone tissue engineering.Graphical abstract: Five indentation tests on an in vitro mineralize tissue. With the loading/partial unloading test, we can obtain constant hardness and elastic modulus on mineralized tissue along with indenter penetration.
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